Poverty has always been one of the major challenges faced by societies throughout history. Islam came with a comprehensive message that addresses this problem at its roots and establishes the foundations of social justice, ensuring balance among individuals and eliminating injustice and marginalization. Islam regarded poverty as a social illness that must be fought, and emphasized that achieving solidarity and social balance lies at the core of its teachings.
Islam laid down the foundations of social justice through an integrated system that combines faith and action, and links rights with duties. Among its most important pillars is Zakah, which is not merely a financial act of worship but a mechanism for wealth distribution, purification of the soul from greed, and bridging the gap between the rich and the poor. Allah says:
“And in their properties was the right of the beggar and the deprived.” [Adh-Dhariyat: 19]
Thus, zakah is not charity given out of favor but a fixed right of the poor and the needy.
Islam also urged charity and spending in the way of Allah, making it one of the greatest acts of devotion. Allah says:
“The example of those who spend their wealth in the way of Allah is like a seed [of grain] which grows seven spikes; in each spike is a hundred grains. And Allah multiplies [His reward] for whom He wills.” [Al-Baqarah: 261]
This encouragement to give fosters solidarity and mercy, creating a compassionate and cohesive society.
Moreover, Islam did not confine itself to individual responsibility but established a state that cared for the poor and the weak. Bayt al-Mal (the treasury) functioned as an institution to ensure that the needs of every citizen were met. This was exemplified during the caliphate of Umar ibn al-Khattab, who said: “If a mule stumbled in Iraq, I would fear that Allah would hold me accountable for not paving the way for it, O Umar.” Such words reflect the deep sense of responsibility Islam instills towards every member of society.
Islam also fought economic injustice and all forms of exploitation by prohibiting usury, hoarding, and fraud, as they increase poverty and widen class disparities. It commanded fairness in transactions. Allah says:
“And establish weight in justice and do not make deficient the balance.” [Ar-Rahman: 9]
Justice in trade and prevention of oppression in contracts are integral to the Islamic concept of social justice.
Furthermore, Islam encouraged work and lawful earnings, elevating the status of workers and laborers. The Prophet ﷺ said: “No one has ever eaten better food than what he eats from the work of his own hands. The Prophet of Allah, Dawud(David), used to eat from the work of his own hands.” [Al-Bukhari]. Thus, Islam connected striving and productivity with human dignity, making work itself an act of worship if intended to provide sustenance and avoid dependence.
In addition, Islam emphasized social solidarity, where members of society cooperate to fulfill one another’s needs. No poor person should be left without support, and no needy person without help. This principle spreads mercy, eliminates class hatred, and builds a society bound together by love and brotherhood.
In summary, Islam’s stance on poverty and social justice is holistic, combining legislation with spiritual guidance, and balancing the roles of both individuals and the community. It tackles the roots of poverty through work and productivity, addresses its consequences through zakah, charity, and solidarity, and ensures justice by prohibiting exploitation and oppression. This demonstrates that Islam is not limited to individual worship but extends to the establishment of a just and merciful society where every individual finds dignity and security.
